Environmental laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ecological laws - Essay Example This anyway was all the while being dismissed and condemned for cost reasons (Glicksman 63). Creatures likewise have the right to live in a tranquil and livable condition same as person and that is the explanation there are ecological laws custom fitted towards guaranteeing this occurs. A case of such law is the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which expects to shield certain types of creatures from being totally cleared out through chasing or poaching. In any case, much the same as other ecological laws, it is still named as a misuse of assets and time particularly since there are numerous creatures on the planet. Ultimately, there is the contamination which has demonstrated from days of yore to be a threat to society. The issue was incompletely dealt with when the Nixon organization passed the Clean Air Act in 1970. This anyway didn't stop the pundits and uninformed people in the public arena from breaking this demonstration and as yet dirtying the earth. The more awful slip-up being submitted by overlooking these ecological laws is that it is the individuals and creatures who are confronting the repercussions of the negative impacts of not adhering to these laws including becoming ill from water-borne ailments and furthermore respiratory issue just as murdering the practically wiped out creature species which could be helpful for future

Trend Analysis Water Scarcity Issue

A lack of water assets could spell expanded clashes later on. Populace development will exacerbate the issue. So will environmental change. As the worldwide economy develops, so will its thirst. A lot more clashes lie directly into the great beyond. †Ban Ki-moon (Lubin, 22 March 2011)Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Trend Analysis: Water Scarcity Issue explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Water emergency has genuine ramifications that may cause worry of water security as a shortage of water will raise to territorial agitation, strife, and shakiness. Water emergency is estimated by thinking about the relative accessibility or shortage of water to the complete populace. Water emergency was an approaching issue during the 1990s when it was anticipated that the following two decades would see serious emergency for water in least fortunate of the nations (Crossette, 10 August 1995). As indicated by the UN information, access to freshwater is inacc essible to more than one of every six individuals all inclusive for example is assessed to be 894 million (UN Water, 2011). More than 1 million individuals all around don't approach safe drinking water (WHO, 2011). 2 million individuals kick the bucket each years because of absence of sanitation and one of the infections that causes most extreme measure of death is the runs that happens because of drinking of risky water (WHO, 2011). An expected measure of 2.6 billion individuals need improved sanitation (WHO/UNICEF, 2010). As per conjectures, by 2025 water pressure would influence very nearly two third of the total populace (Clinton, 22 March 2011). This rising pattern of water emergency is relied upon to have genuine ramifications for â€Å"increasing agitation, clashes, and shakiness over water† (Clinton, 22 March 2011). Water emergency is an advancing issue and in this way requires a pattern examination so as to pass judgment on its expected effect on humanity. This rep ort follows the pattern of water emergency and its suggestions to wellbeing and security perils universally. Figure 1: S-Curve Water Crisis, source: (Google Trend, 2011) The above figure shows the consciousness of water emergency and security worry through events of the catchphrase search in Google pattern. Pattern line for the quantity of events each dates since 2004 is thought of. The pattern lines show that the mindfulness for water emergency and security are still at the early stage with not many ventures happening in the web on the point. Along these lines, the situation of the pattern on the S-Curve is as yet rising, with the pattern having extraordinary worth and purpose behind concern.Advertising Looking for report on natural examinations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Using Voros’s (2003) conventional premonitions model, the paper will additionally investigate the eventual fate of a water emergency and the ma nner in which it might have suggestions for security. Utilizing this model, the investigation of the water emergency circumstance can be outlined into four phases of comprehension †(1) what is by and by occurring, (2) what is by all accounts occurring, (3) what really is going on, and (4) what may occur in future. The main period of investigation is comprehend what is happening at this moment. Figure 2: Renewable inside freshwater assets per capita (cubic meters), Source: World Bank (World Bank, 2011) Clearly, the asset for freshwaters is diminishing constantly demonstrating a declining pattern. The decrease in the accessibility of freshwater to the expanding populace weight would bring about a further extent of weight on accessible water assets. Accordingly, there is a normal water shortage and there is an obvious disparity in the shortage wonder, with the more extravagant nations having more prominent access to water while the low salary nations have minimal access to it. Fig ure 3: Improved water source (% of populace with get to), Source: World Bank Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Trend Analysis: Water Scarcity Issue explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the current weight on the water, shortage and global associations like the UN and governments are attempting to counter the danger that is forced through a developing shortage of water. The water sources accessible to the level of the populace on the planet has improved from 1996 through 2008, in any case, there are still around 40 percent populace in the low pay locales of the world that don't access to improved water sources. This is a stressing angle for the shortage of water will prompt more prominent clash for water. A disparity in the accessibility of water and sanitation is additionally seen with low-pay nations having less populace with access to water and sanitation and the more extravagant nations having more noteworthy access. Figure 4: Regional util ization of improved savoring water 2007. Source: World Bank The issue of water accessibility is higher in less fortunate nations and is intense in dry and dry areas of the world as in the event of Sub-Saharan belt, or South Asia (see figure 4). The issue of water shortage is relied upon to increase in future with the accessibility of water per individual every year is required to decay (see figure 5). Figure 5: Projected number of individuals living in water shortage, Source: UNDP Advertising Searching for report on natural examinations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The issue of product shortage has two-way suggestions †This will trigger genuine wellbeing concern and human improvement issues with an enormous lump of the worldwide populace not approaching safe drinking water. Because of regionalization of the water shortage and bounty of water assets, the following pattern would be gigantic relocations to territories where water is less scant. This may prompt clash and provincial shakiness. The expansion in worldwide populace, that is relied upon to arrive at 7.9 billion out of 2050 will build the worldwide monetary action and in this manner, would expand the measure of interest for water. As agribusiness is the division that utilizes most extreme water assets, with increment in populace will confront a double weight of delivering more and water shortage because of inaccessibility of irrigational water. Further, the urban regions will confront more noteworthy effect as the interest for urban water will increment because of high relocation fr om provincial to urban zones. Thusly, water shortage issue is an issue for all countries as this is required to trigger national and territorial unsteadiness and strife in future. References Clinton, H.R., 22 March 2011. Comments on World Water Day. [Online] Available at: http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/03/158833.htm . Crossette, B., 10 August 1995. Serious Water Crisis Ahead for Poorest Nations in Next 2 Decades. [Online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/10/world/extreme water-emergency ahead-for-least fortunate countries in-next-2-decades.html . Google Trend, 2011. Google Trend. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.com/trends?q=water+crisisctab=0geo=alldate=allsort=0 . Lubin, G., 22 March 2011. A realistic glance at the world water emergency. [Online] Available at: http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/cash/graphic+look+world+water+crisis/4482920/story.html#ixzz1JyqndZh7 . UN Water, 2011. Drinking Water and Sanitation. [Online] Available at: http://www.un water.org/statistics_san.html . Voros, J., 2003. A Generic Foresight Process Framework. Foreknowledge , 5(3), pp.10-21. WHO/UNICEF, 2010. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. [Online] Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/distributions/2010/9789241563956_eng_full_text.pdf . WHO, 2011. Water Sanitation and Health. [Online] Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/facts_figures/en/index.html . World Bank, 2011. World Databank. [Online] Available at: http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=3id=4 . This report on Trend Analysis: Water Scarcity Issue was composed and put together by client Davian Potts to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Level Essay Writing Tips

Level Essay Writing TipsIf you have been asked to write a level essay, you may have some questions about the process and where to get your ideas. Here are some level essay writing tips that will help you understand how the process works and start planning your essays.The first thing to keep in mind when writing a level essay is that you need to create an interesting topic for your essay. You can choose any topic you want, but it's not a good idea to write about a topic that you haven't thought of before. Create a topic that has a lot of appeal and make sure it is worth writing about.Next, you need to do a bit of research before you begin writing a level essay. Find out what is covered in each subject and figure out what you are going to say with it. It will also be helpful to know what kinds of subjects are popular among the college-age audience. You should also know what kinds of subjects are good choices to write about if you are writing a history or geography based essay.Once you have written a few essays, you will find that they take less time to write. Writing an essay on a topic that interests you can be really fulfilling. If you find that you enjoy doing a certain type of assignment, try to write more of them. Some students find that they can write an essay in half the time if they make a point of writing at least one each week.Your topic is only half of what makes a good level essay. You also need to write a few sample essays before you write your own. These samples will give you a head start on what kinds of topics are good for the level you are writing on.Writing essays is a great way to express yourself. If you like doing this kind of assignment, there is nothing better than to get your work published. Your efforts can lead to a great career.In addition to giving you some level essay writing tips, you will also want to have some tips on what to avoid when writing an essay. You want to avoid giving your readers information that is too complicated. Peo ple who read essays that are too difficult to tend to skip over them.It is also important to understand that a good essay will be one that is engaging and fun to read. There is no better feeling than seeing your work being read by others. Having fun while writing your level essay is an important part of the process.

Professional Practice In Information Tech - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Professional Practice In Information Tech. Answer: Presentation The Google sets of accepted rules is worked so that everything which they do with different sorts of work at google is commonly estimated against the given standard for the moral direct of different progressing business in google (Denecke, 2015). Trust and regard among the different workers and clients are purpose for the accomplishment of Google. Dell center around genuineness, trustworthiness and most elevated estimation of moral direct. There are parcel of purpose for the moral direct that Dell give themselves in a formation of culture which is commonly founded on different sorts of moral measures (Kosinski et al., 2015). Dell center in production of dependability clients by giving or giving predominant estimation of involvement with an incredible encounter. Apple center around production of gauges at most elevated level for social and natural obligation. The providers of Apple are commonly required to give safe condition for its workers. Representatives of Facebook and other perf orming of laborers on the whole known as Facebook work force (Ahmed et al., 2013). Facebook work force are relied upon to utilize their own judgment for acting in best sort of enthusiasm for Facebook during performing of their obligations. In the coming pages of the report a review has been finished with respect to the people groups see in regards to the reality how moral the significant web association are. A concise rundown has been given with respect to the Ethical sets of accepted rules strategies. A report has been given with respect to any sort of untrustworthy direct by different association. At long last a report has been given the expense paid or given by significant web association in Australia. Conversation Review Names Survey Rating Christian Reading Google is best web crawler on the planet. According to me they carefully follow their set of principles 9 Joshua Humphries Google gives the best query output and they don't meddle with protection of different associations. 8 Aiden Degraves In contrast with other web crawler Google gives the best indexed lists. They carefully follow their sets of accepted rules. 8 Luca Chatfield Apples gives the best nature of items yet they utilize youngster work which hampers their set of principles. 8 Tracker Airey Apple gives best nature of devices however they don't treat their worker decently which is viewed as a negative part in favor of Apple and it additionally defy the sets of accepted rules 10 Lucas Youl Dell is the best association for giving best of nature of PC items in the business. 9 Thomas Pizzey Facebook is the best online social site which is known everywhere throughout the world. It is carefully follows its sets of accepted rules and now and again it ignore the laws. 8 George Cheney Facebook is the most famous site in the space of long range interpersonal communication. At times it 9 Brock Chubb Dell professes to give best nature of items to customers. They will in general follow their sets of principles for their workers. 10 Michael Winchcombe Apples gives the best nature of items yet on the opposite they will in general use youngster work and long move hour of laborers which hamper their implicit rules of the representatives 9 Moral arrangement for each organization The Google set of accepted rules center around the way that it doesn't place fiendish into rehearses. This specific association has a few standards for better quality which for the most part helps in employing of huge of individuals, assembling better items for future and drawing in a portion of the unwavering client (Tello, 2013). This association has some rule for trust among the workers and establishment for the achievement. Google expect that all the workers and wide individuals to know and follow the codes of this association. Soul of Dell center around the kind of association it rouses to become which by and large fills in as a guide for different activity around the globe. This association center around drawing in steadfast clients by giving unrivaled involvement with a high worth (Singh, Iglesias and Batista-Foguet, 2012). Dell is resolved to give guidance of relationship, best nature of items and administrations with a prevalent encounter of different clients. Dell accepts that the accomplishment of the association originates from the cooperation which can be accomplished by making a stage where colleagues can without much of a stretch learn and create themselves. Apple is compelled to give most elevated estimation of standard to different sorts of social and moral direct for different sort of obligation. Apple requires its providers to work as per the different standards of Apple providers set of accepted rules. This code center around laws which draws the consideration of the proprietors for progressing on the field of social and obligation identified with natural (Kim and Douai, 2012). At the point when the distinctions for the most part emerge among standard and lawful sorts of necessity the standard of stricter the by and large applied which for the most part works as per the law. This codes for the most part center around the provider direct which for the most part functions according to the rights work and different sorts of law. Worker of Facebook and different sorts of individuals playing out the work is commonly known as Facebook Personnel which are commonly expected to act legally, truly, morally and is working in the best request to play out countless obligations for the benefit of this association that is Facebook (Paris et al., 2013). This codes by and large gives certain number of codes which can be used. Individuals who needs to dissect out the way that whether their code matches with the code can without much of a stretch have a connection with the different expert working in this association. Among all of approaches of set of accepted rules the strategy of set of principles of Facebook is viewed as the best one. Apple code of arrangements is the most straightforward one perused from all the set of accepted rules of association. Google has the most grounded code of arrangements among the code of approaches of the significant web association like Apple, Google, Facebook and Dell. Depiction of dishonest conduction by different association Google Copyright infringement: Various sorts of endeavors has been made in regards to the incorporating of copyright materials in the different undertakings of google book with no sort of endorsement from different holders of IP which may been reported. Infringement of electronic security: Google road is planned so that they are commonly outfitted with different sorts of Wi-Fi sniffer which for the most part gathers data about the locally accessible systems of Wi-Fi which is commonly utilized for area administration of google. In not very many cases it is seen that these sniffers can catch powerless scrambled signals on the traffic which may contain different sorts of secret data like accreditation of login and budgetary data (Alphabet Investor Relations. 2018). Thus, Google was fined around twenty-5,000 dollars for meddling with examination of FCC. However, at long last google concluded that Google has done nothing in the catching of different sorts of information. Dell Dell is viewed as most moral association among the significant web association. Yet at the same time it has around scarcely any instances of exploitative lead like after the installment over the reregistration date Dell constrained one of its client to follow through on full cost regardless of giving client rebate (McMullen and Apple, 2012). Dell vowed to offer free support to this client for next five years they don't give any sort of administration to at the last period of five years. Apple Apple relies upon youngster slave work for the assembling of their different sorts of items. Much of the time it is seen they powers works to work in perilous condition. Macintosh utilizes offensive work practice for working of iPhones, iPads, Mac and different sorts of gadgets. Working time of Apple is over the top which by and large comes without a solitary free day during the entire week and representatives of this association need to stand so long that their leg will expand and they can barely stroll after the move of 24 hours (Apple, 2018). Around 140 workers of Apple were harmed because of the reality they utilize toxic substance which is utilized for cleaning the screen of iPhone. Facebook In the time of 2012, Facebook directed an overview on almost seventy thousand clients and the conciliatory sentiment was made by Sheryl Sandberg who is viewed as the second most remarkable official of Facebook (Slade and Prinsloo, 2013). A definitive thought of this association is whether positive or negative word in different message of client can influence the positive or negative substance of in the different sorts of announcement. Sometimes, it is seen that this report doesn't matches with the set of principles approaches of association thus the association must investigate this reality and should make vital stride and at times it will be it matches with codes of arrangements of different sorts of association. Expense paid in Australia by this association Google and Facebook pays around 16.6 million dollars and 3.3 million dollars as personal expense to the administration of Australia. Apple pays around 128.2 million dollars as duty to the legislature of Australia (Clarke, and Boersma, 2017). Already this significant web association used to pay charge which depended on the benefit which was earned on the business which is done in Australia however now according to the standards of Australian government they are moving the earned salary. Rundown From the above conversation it very well may be effectively that the significant web association like Apple, Facebook, Google and Dell has code of strategies which they guarantee to follow to an enormous degree. At times, it is seen that they penetrate their codes of strategies and there are should some act of spontaneity in the feeble segment of those association. In

Free Essays on Descartes Discourse

Descartes' first conversation of logical technique is in an incomplete work of 1628 titled Rules for the Direction of the Mind. The initial 12 of the arranged 36 standards manage the general parts of his proposed strategy, and are viewed as early forms of standards which advanced into his later compositions. In 1633 Descartes arranged for distribution a work on material science called Le Monde which protected a heliocentric perspective on the universe. That equivalent year the Catholic Church denounced Galileo's Dialog (1632). Descartes didn't believe Galileo's perspectives were biased to religion and he stressed that his own perspectives may be rebuffed. In this manner he suspended production of it. In 1637 Descartes distributed an assortment of expositions titled Optics, Meterology, and Geometry. Introduced to these papers was a work titled Talk on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences. Most of the Talk was composed before the 1633 judgment o f Galileo's Dialog. In any case, he later included a closing area which clarified that he demanded distributing, regardless of political dangers. The basic explanation was that he depended on the general population to help affirm his logical speculations. In the Discourse, Descartes offers a technique for request very not quite the same as Bacon's. While Bacon pushed acceptance, Descartes demands an increasingly deductive methodology. A large portion of the Discourse is self-portraying to the extent that it follows Descartes scholarly turn of events and how his technique helped him in his examinations. Descartes understood that he expected to dismiss a great part of the lessons of his childhood. This brought up the issue as to precisely how he ought to continue in supplanting old speculations with new ones. He discovered his answer by seeing how old pieces of urban areas are supplanted with the new. The more rich urban areas are those which are efficiently worked without any preparation, not those which consistently revamp old segments. Descartes clarifies that he had taken in a va... Free Essays on Descartes Discourse Free Essays on Descartes Discourse Descartes' first conversation of logical technique is in an incomplete work of 1628 titled Rules for the Direction of the Mind. The initial 12 of the arranged 36 guidelines manage the general parts of his proposed procedure, and are viewed as early forms of standards which advanced into his later compositions. In 1633 Descartes arranged for production a work on material science called Le Monde which safeguarded a heliocentric perspective on the universe. That equivalent year the Catholic Church denounced Galileo's Dialog (1632). Descartes didn't believe Galileo's perspectives were biased to religion and he stressed that his own perspectives may be scolded. In this manner he suspended production of it. In 1637 Descartes distributed an assortment of articles titled Optics, Meterology, and Geometry. Introduced to these papers was a work titled Talk on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences. Most of the Talk was composed before the 1633 judgment of Galileo's Dialog. Notwithstanding, he later included a finishing up area which clarified that he demanded distributing, regardless of political dangers. The basic explanation was that he depended on the general population to help affirm his logical hypotheses. In the Discourse, Descartes offers a strategy for request very not quite the same as Bacon's. While Bacon pushed acceptance, Descartes demands an increasingly deductive methodology. The greater part of the Discourse is self-portraying to the extent that it follows Descartes scholarly turn of events and how his technique helped him in his examinations. Descartes understood that he expected to dismiss a great part of the lessons of his childhood. This brought up the issue as to precisely how he ought to continue in supplanting old speculations with new ones. He discovered his answer by seeing how old pieces of urban areas are supplanted with the new. The more rich urban communities are those which are systematically worked without any preparation, not those which persistently redesign old segments. Descartes clarifies that he had taken in a va...

Realistic Group Conflict And Prejudice Essays - Social Psychology

Sensible Group Conflict And Prejudice Intergroup Perspectives Section 9: Realistic Group Conflict and Prejudice Michael Platow (LaTrobe University) and Jackie Hunter (University of Otago) This section will look at the hypothesis of sensible gathering strife and the commitments it has made to getting preference and intergroup conduct (Campbell, 1965; Sherif, 1966). From this viewpoint, negative mentalities and bias emerge when gatherings vie for rare assets and their inclinations are inconsistent (e.g., one gathering gains and the other gathering loses). In any case, resistance and decency win in circumstances in which gathering intrigues are perfect and correlative (e.g., one gathering increases just with the help of another gathering). This examination of preference has cash in financial matters, human science and other sociology disciplines. The qualities, impediments and minor departure from sensible gathering strife hypothesis will be talked about and assessed. The causes intergroup struggle The authentic predecessors of preference are not generally equivalent to the powers that support partiality in the present. The evacuation of the first reasons for partiality isn't in every case enough to dispose of bias. Practical Conflict Theory (Sherif): Gatherings become biased toward each other on the grounds that they are in rivalry for material assets and additionally political force. Burglar's Cave Experiment (Sherif and Sherif, 1954) Kid's camp at Robber's Cave State Park Members: 20 young men, 11-12 years of age None new each other before study Three stages, multi week each Stage I From the start bunches were isolated, no information on one another. Ordinary camp exercises Ingroup character creation: each gathering created standards, pioneers developed, the Rattlers and Eagles Stage II Gatherings mindful of each other. From the start, no contention. Rivalry presented. Prizes: folding knife, decoration, money Impact of rivalry *Intergroup strife Verbally abusing pig, con artist Saw own gathering decidedly We're bold Furthermore, outgroup contrarily They are tricky, stinkers Seizing and consuming other group's banner Lodge attacks, taking pants. Losing group took the prizes Held noses while passing individuals from other camp Found concealing rocks in their socks. Increment in inclination for ingroup individuals, cynicism inside gathering declined. Intergroup threatening vibe =* ingroup solidarity Stage III Turning around the threatening vibe was mineral troublesome than making it. Noncompetitive contact? Didn't work. Simply one more chance to battle. Presentation of Superordinate objective: commonly shared objective just accomplished through intergroup participation. Water flexibly broke. Camp truck stalled. Gatherings met up to fix them. Impacts of superordinate objective: Negative generalizations declined. Increment in outgroup companionships. Gatherings chose to assemble on diversion program. Gatherings demanded riding home together on same transport. Rattlers utilized prize cash to purchase malts for everybody. *Competition can cause bias that stretches out past the real rivalry Science

Phuong as a Metaphor for the Direction in Kien’s Life in The Sorrow of War - Literature Essay Samples

In 1991, Bao Ninh published his novel with the title Thà ¢n Phá º ­n Cá » §a Tà ¬nh Yà ªu, or The Destiny of Love in accordance with North Vietnamese regulations to publish material that only glorified the war, reflecting Ho Chi Minhs fervent patriotism to unify Vietnam. However, while The Destiny of Love has the implication of ending in a positive manner, Ninh uses a disjointed narrative to reveal the stark contrast of Kiens personality before and after the war, when his childhood love Phuong leaves him. The Vietnamese word â€Å"phÆ °Ã† ¡ng† even translates to â€Å"way† or â€Å"direction.† Through the contrast in Kien’s personality, Ninh portrays a realistic view of the Vietnam War from a North Vietnamese perspective. Hence, although Ninh originally published his novel as The Destiny of Love to concord with North Vietnam’s requirement to glorify the war, he uses Phuong as the metaphor for the direction in Kien’s life as the sadness from the war ultimately paramounts the love in Kien’s life, revealing that the â€Å"destiny of love† is the â€Å"sorrow of war.† As Ninh parallels Kien’s emotional state with Phuong’s presence, he reveals that Kien’s pure, naà ¯ve love for Phuong gives him purpose to his life during his childhood. For instance, Kien and Phuong were â€Å"inseparable, like a body and its shadow. They clung to each other as if there were no tomorrow, as if there were no time to lose and every moment should be spent together† (Ninh 131). Through the simile â€Å"like a body and its shadow,† Ninh places emphasis on the close relationship between Kien and Phuong. Much like how a body and shadow could not be without one other, Ninh emphasizes that Phuong is the direction in Kien’s life. Phuong and Kien are inseparable, as the direction in Kien’s life is synonymous with Phuong. Moreover, right before the war, Ninh even uses an ominous tone as he describes, â€Å"It was to be the last night of their prewar lives, their last moments of youth. These had been the final hours of their sec ure, pure and happy youth, those years and months counted in pleasurable day before the fateful hour to leave†¦ The next day was to be a single step onto a convoy heading for the front† (130). Through diction like â€Å"step,† Ninh presents Kien’s life as a journey in relation to the war. Before the war, Kien’s life is governed by his love for Phuong, which gives meaning to his life as revealed through diction such as â€Å"secure,† â€Å"pure,† and â€Å"happy.† Shortly after, Ninh creates a foreboding mood as he terms the last night of Phuong and Kien’s lives before the war â€Å"their last moments of youth, referring to Kien’s last moments of pure happiness (130). Hence, Kien’s time with Phuong parallels his youth, when he had purpose to his life due to his love for Phuong. Subsequently, Ninh uses Phuong’s rape and her consequent absence in Kien’s life as a metaphor to reflect how the innocence in Kien’s life comes to an end due to the war. In fact, Phuong was raped while helping Kien get to the front lines and, â€Å"It was from that moment, when Phuong was violently taken from him, that the bloodshed truly began and his life entered into bloody suffering and failure† (Ninh 180). Ninh parallels Kien’s entrance into the war with Phuong’s rape to emphasize that he lost his innocence and the meaning in his life with the war. In Kien’s life, Phuong is originally a symbol of purity and happiness in contrast to his broken household, where Kien’s mother had left him, and Kien is ashamed of his father for not acceding to socialist ideals. When Kien initially goes to war, he is still capable of feeling love and reminisces upon Phuong as one of the last remainders of the purity of his prewar life. However, Ninh emphasizes the end of this purity and thus Kien’s childhood coming to an end through war imagery with diction like â€Å"bloodshed† and â€Å"bloody.† While it was not a physical wound, Kien even recollects Phuong’s rape as â€Å"his first war wound† (Ninh 180). Kien’s guilt for not doing more to protect Phuong is also similar to his survivor guilt after the war. Thus, Phuong’s rape is a metaphor for the war, where Kien’s childhood rapidly comes to an end. With the parallel of the corruption of war with Phuong’s rape, Ninh implies that love and sorrow are eventually synonymous to highlight the idea that the destiny of love is sorrow. In fact, â€Å"the sorrow of war inside a soldier’s heart was in a strange way similar to the sorrow of love. It was a kind of nostalgia, like the immense sadness of a world at dusk† (Ninh 94). When the narrator describes Kien’s prewar past, the novel reflects the destiny of love, but it shifts to reflect the sorrow of the war during and after the war. After all, once the legacy of love or the direction in Kien’s life is gone, all that remains is the sorrow of the war. Furthermore, through the simile of a world at dusk, Ninh reveals Kien is in the middle of two lives. He cannot go back to the brightness or â€Å"day† of his prewar past, yet he cannot move on from his love from Phuong. With the â€Å"sun† that is Phuong gone, Kien has lost all the happiness a nd joy in his life. As a result, without Phuong, Kien has lost all direction, or purpose, in his life. Consequently, after the war, all Kien is left with is nostalgia for his childhood full of love and melancholy due to the sorrow of the war, as Ninh reveals how the destiny of love has become the sorrow of war. As the narrator describes, â€Å"What remained was sorrow, the immense sorrow, the sorrow of having survived. The sorrow of war† (Ninh 192). Ninh reveals that Kien’s survival guilt overwhelms his life and prevents him from living a normal life after the war. In fact, to emphasize Kien’s sadness, Ninh uses repetition with the word â€Å"sorrow† and uses diction like â€Å"immense† and â€Å"remained.† The diction â€Å"immense† and â€Å"remained† have the connotation of there being a burden in Kien’s life, which refers to his survival guilt, and highlight how the love in Kien’s life has been replaced with sadness in conjunction with the repetition of the word â€Å"sorrow.† As a result, although Kien h as romantic associations with other women such as Lan, it is clear that his purpose in life disappeared with Phuong, as he is unable to love other women. When Lan professes her love to Kien, â€Å"Kien remained silent, avoiding her gaze† and â€Å"tried to smile but his heart felt constricted† (Ninh 55, 56). Unlike Lan, who is trying to rebuild her life after losing her mother during the war, Kien is unable to rebuild his own life, as he no longer has the capability to love. With Phuong, or the direction in his life gone, Kien is unable to move on as revealed through words such as â€Å"silent† and â€Å"constricted.† Through the disjointed narrative coupled with Kien’s inability to love, Ninh creates a melancholy tone to evince that Kien is stuck in the past. For instance, Ninh describes, â€Å"from now on it was nostalgia and war collections that drove him on. With Phuong gone this was his only hope of staying in rhythm with his normal life† (73). Hence, Kien’s â€Å"destiny of love† remains in the past with his â€Å"nostalgia,† as all his love has been replaced by the â€Å"sorrow of war.† Bao Ninh uses Phuong as a metaphor for the direction and purpose in Kien’s life to evince how the destiny of love becomes the sorrow of war. While Phuong is initially a symbol of innocence and purity in Kien’s life, Ninh uses her rape, which parallels Kien’s entrance into the war, to reveal that even the purest love can be corrupted by the war. Kien becomes hardened by Phuong’s rape and is no longer able to love or trust anyone in the same way. Hence, Phuong’s rape functions as a metaphor for the war, as Kien is unable to love after the war. Moreover, Ninh uses a disjointed narrative to emphasize that Kien is stuck in the past. The love in Kien’s life is gone, as the â€Å"destiny of love† is the â€Å"sorrow of war.†