Corn-Pone Opinions free essay sample

Humans are not equipped to stand their own ground; they prefer to follow the leader. Twain puts it simply, â€Å"we are creatures of outside influences; as a rule we do not think, we only imitate† (719). Twain clearly makes his point noticeable to his audience, holding back no opinion throughout the whole piece. He explains that throughout the lives of those inhabiting the earth; many fashions attend the cycle of entering and leaving the social status of being wanted. People willingly allow such to happen. One year one will find oneself enjoying a certain blouse while society mocks them and the next year society will have welcomed said blouse without batting an eyelash. Human beings constantly yearn to be accepted by society; this feeling tends to be in their nature and they cannot simply make the feeling disappear. People sacrifice their own morals in order to gain society’s approval and often, â€Å"self-approval is acquired mainly from the approval of other people† (719). We will write a custom essay sample on Corn-Pone Opinions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With such actions, people follow the perfect mold of little sheep Twain creates throughout â€Å"Corn-Pone Opinions†. Society enjoys taking the morals of humans and ripping them away as if their morals were the ones creating damage and not society itself, unmistakably stated by Mark Twain himself. Through using examples and rhetorical devices within â€Å"Corn-Pone Opinions†, Twain states humans are virtual sheep, continuously following their shepherd, society. To make his argument even more resilient, Twain uses multiple examples of everyday life for his audience to relate. First, Twain targets women. Being extremely influenced by opinions of others, women fail to sturdily stand against society’s harsh verdict. Twain, attacking the willingness to change fashion without thinking first, speaks to women closely. Twain states, â€Å"One woman abandons the fashion; her neighbor notices this and follows her lead; this influences the next woman; and so on and so on . . . † (718). To this day women continue to experience this identical process. Although one may love her Christmas sweater, if her neighbor does not own one or wrinkles her nose at the idea of wearing such a thing, she will immediately go home and dispose of the sweater without thinking twice about her actions or her personal feelings toward the item of clothing. Twain also mentions how â€Å"twenty-five years ago† there would be â€Å"six of eight wine glasses† given to each person attending a dinner party, and they were to be used, â€Å"not left idle and empty†, but today â€Å"there are but three of four† wine glasses and on average and only two are sparingly emptied by each guest (719). Twain follows this observation by expanding his opinion on conformity. He offers the idea that people follow certain trends without thinking them through. The people attending these dinner parties have no idea why they only consume two glasses when twenty-five years ago people consumed three to four times as much. Humans, in general, do not look for the answer to the question â€Å"why? †, but instead only worry about what other people do and if their actions are satisfactory to those surrounding them. Twain also gives an example of families wanting to be accepted by the families they are acquainted with by mentioning, â€Å"The Smiths like the new play; the Joneses go to see it, and they copy the Smith verdict† (719). Humans, whether knowingly or unknowingly, fall into society’s trap of wanting the sense of acceptance. In return, they conform to the fashion, actions, and opinions to those around them. Twain, in order to continue his argument on conformity throughout â€Å"Corn-Pone Opinions†, uses the rhetorical device of anaphora. While talking about people and their tendency to follow those around them, Twain says, â€Å"They swarm with their party, they feel with their party, they are happy in their party’s approval; and where the party leads they will follow . . . † (720). In Twain’s mind people are of a social nature. Without the acceptance of others and without others approving their actions or ideas, people would not be able to function. By using anaphora and repeating the word â€Å"they† Twain emphasizes the point he is trying to make to people who conform. In another nstance, Twain accentuates the word â€Å"it,† referring to the idea that when one has feelings one is actually thinking. He says, â€Å"Its name is Public Opinion. It is held in reverence. It settles everything. Some think it the voice of God† (720). Through this method of repeating a specific word, Twain clearly reiterates his point of view on conformity and allows the reader to better understand the hold society obtains to make people want to conform. People tend to view society as a comfort blanket, people tend to want their acquaintances to have acceptance towards their actions, and people tend to change their morals if not accepted by society. Throughout â€Å"Corn-Pone Opinions†, with anaphora, a rhetorical device that repeats a certain word to enhance a message, and examples observed throughout society, Twain effectively makes this argument about conforming to society evident in his essay.

Implementation Issues - Future Opportunities and Mitigation

Question: Desribe about driveway Resurfacing risk logs, risk associated with regulation of data compliance and strategies to mitigate strategic issues. Answer: Introduction: Risk can be defined as anything negative to the organization that can hamper the success of the organization. Risk can hamper the accomplishment of mission of any organization. Risk management is a way of identifying the risk and measuring the impact of that risk in the organization. This particular assignment firmly focuses on identifying various risk factor of driveway project and measuring the impact of those risks within the organization. The study also discusses various mitigation strategies in order to mitigate the harmful effects risks and demonstrating positive effect of those strategies. Driveway Resurfacing risk logs: Following are some of risks associated with driveway projects. Various risk control areas and issues are also shown here. Management Risk: Management of the organization face this problem in governance and enterprise regarding data security. Despite of implementing various security management tools many organizations realise that these strategies are inadequate for securing their important data. Many organizations never analyse the risk of security management. They do not realise that the security issues are related to the strategies of the organization (Adam, 2015). Due to weak implication of security management, much important information can be stolen. This can hamper the success of an organization. There is a risk of data loss because of inadequate compliance in security. Data can be unrecoverable. Important business record can be lost forever. The strategies for data security of an organization: It a major challenge of the management of an organization to secure data. Every organization needs to safeguard its intellectual and confidential data. Organizations should think beyond the existing way of data security and implement the strategies for securing data: Protecting other and own information: In order to sustain the business relationship an organization needs to ensure that the informations of customers and business partners are safe (Huard, 2015). The driveway project should establish privacy system in order to secure important data of the organization. Understanding of whom to trust: Management of the organization should think about the right person to deliver the important data of the organization. In order to maintain the credibility of the information the organization should chose a trustable person while delivering any information. Choosing standards to apply: Government has been introduced various types of rule in order to motivate the organization to protect confidential data. Responsibilities can be varied according to the organizational type and type of risk associated with it (Klein, 2015). Management of the organization should establish a standard in policies to protect confidential data. Opportunities of Data security by the management: Protection of confidential data: Data security provides protection of valuable information. Information is the most important asset of any organization. Organization can stay ahead of their competitors if they can manage a proper data security system. Data protection can ensure persistence of valuable data. It can also give back up to the confidential data of the organization. Client concern: If the management of the organization ensure their customers that they are using a proper security system in their organization it can feel their customers more confident with the organization (Robinson Church, 2015). It keeps the organization ahead of their competitors. Meeting current standards helps to stay reliable. Data security allows authentic person to use authentic data. Risk associated with regulation of data compliance: In the terminology of data storage data compliance refers to rules and regulation government that need to be maintained for compliance of those rules and regulation. Each organization needs to collect, process, and dispose the personal data that ensures that information are protected with appropriate measures of security (Tiwari Joshi, 2015). Due to not maintaining compliance with proper audit system the following risk can be raised: Risk of data compliance: Organization face a huge risk in the adherence of regulatory guidelines of the organization. Auditors reviews the policies of the organization that not compliant with the standards of the organization. Sometimes the organization fails to protect the important data of the organization. Unauthorised persons start to access data that are not for their use. It decreases the confidentiality of important data becomes obsolete. Legal and ethical issues: Organization often faces various ethical and legal issues because of not maintain the audit management properly. Organization often feels health and security problem due to not adhering to the safety measures of the organization. Audit management often failed to realise potential concern of the employees. Technological issues are also the major legal issues of the audit management. Transparency: Maintaining transparency within the organization it the prime task of any audit management. Sometimes the audit management of an organization fail to keep transparency in the organization (Robinson Church, 2015). They fail to maintain the rule and regulations of the organization. Degradation of governance: Sometime audit management fail to provide control on the issues of the organization. Audit management are generally expected to maintain a fair and pleasant working condition in the workplace. Sometime the audit management tem fail to observe the overall working condition and rules of the organization. Strategies for effective auditing of the organization: Definition of stakeholders expectation: In order to create a effective ways of audit the management of the organization should define the expectation of the stakeholders and asses that whether their policies would be successful achieving the expectation of them. The audit managers should assess the risk associated with it. Articulate the mission: An appropriate mission statement helps to identify the responsibility and priorities of senior management and the team of audit management (Alzeban, 2015). This statement helps to decide the amount of money that will be needed to focus on internal control of the organization. Formal strategic plan: The audit management team should integrate the risk and monitoring function like legal, security and fraud risk of the organization. An appropriate strategic plan helps the organization to audit the risks in correct time. Developing audit plan: The audit management team develop an effective auditing plan in accordance with the objective of the organization (Henderson, Cheney Weaver, 2014). Risk management should assess the fact that how the potential event will effect in achieving the goal of the organization. Current budget and multi year budget: Sufficient information should be collected about the current as well as future budget of the auditing process. Auditing budget should be flexible according to the policies of the organization. Assessing needed skills: The auditing management team of the organization should identify the proper skills needed to the auditing process. The organization should identify high quality professional in order to achieve proper auditing process. Developing methodology: Internal audit member can be hired externally and internally. The technology used in the process of auditing process can greatly affect the effectiveness of the process (Klein, 2015). Data analysis software should be used by the auditing team of the organization. Communication protocol: An effective communication protocol should be established by the audit management team of the organization in order to communicate with executives of the organization (Conradt, Finger Sprri, 2015). Progress report should be generated by the audit members of the organization in order to mitigate the problems associated with the findings of the auditing process. Measuring the results: It is very important for the audit team of the organization to track and control the performance of auditing process. The tem must comply with the legal aspects of the organization. Opportunities of audit management: Audit management of the team provides information about the organization after analysing the policies and regulation of the organization. It helps to operate the business of the organization smoothly (Fontaine, Khemakhem Herda, 2015). It provides suggestion to achieve the goal of the organization. Audit team of the organization provides immediate response to the immediate team of the organization. Strategic risk: Strategic risk of is defined by the uncertainties in strategic intent of the organization. The strategic department of the organization sometimes failed to select the contractors for the development of the project. The team may become unable in order to achieve strategic alignment. Organizational readiness can be hampered by the cultural and socio economic condition of the organization. Strategic issues sometimes may relate to inability of identification of alternative suppliers (Eunjae Lee, 2015). Organization may sometimes classify improper classification in defining the requirements. Strategies to mitigate strategic issues: Choosing suppliers: During the purchasing of goods in the organization uncertainty of the suppliers may hamper the manufacturing process of the organization. So the Strategic management of the organization should be very care careful when choosing suppliers for the organization. Regulation of the risk: Environmental regulation should be prime task of strategic management of the origination. The strategic management of the team should establish some policies about regulating the environment in which it operates its business (Henderson, Cheney Weaver, 2014). The Strategic management of the organization should also establish policies in order to mitigate the issues associated with the socio cultural issues of the organization. Opportunities of the strategic management: Strategic management helps an organization to backup the source of the suppliers of an organization. It helps to identify various sources from where effective supplier can be obtained. Strategic management helps to gather proper data that should be provided to the contractors of the organization with whom the organization has a business deal. Due to strategic management the project can meet the social benefits. Conclusion: This particular study has concluded some factor about the risk associated the driveway project. This study shows that how this risk effects the performance of the project of any organization. The study also analyse some mitigation techniques in order to mitigate the effects of those risks. Some opportunities associated with the risk management of different team have also been described in this particular study. Reference list Adam, I. (2015). Backpackers' risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies in Ghana.Tourism Management,49, 99-108. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.016 Akhtar, M., Mittal, R. (2015). Implementation issues and their impact on strategic performance management system effectiveness an empirical study of Indian oil industry.Measuring Business Excellence,19(2), 71-82. doi:10.1108/mbe-07-2013-0040 Alzeban, A. (2015). Influence of Audit Committee Industry Expertise on Internal Audit.IJBM,10(4). doi:10.5539/ijbm.v10n4p26 Conradt, S., Finger, R., Sprri, M. (2015). Flexible weather index-based insurance design.Climate Risk Management. doi:10.1016/j.crm.2015.06.003 Eunjae Lee,. (2015). A Study on implication Strategic Issues of the German e-Logistics System.Theebusinessstudies,16(1), 39-61. doi:10.15719/geba.16.1.201502.39 Fontaine, R., Khemakhem, H., Herda, D. (2015). Audit committee perspectives on mandatory audit firm rotation: evidence from Canada.Journal Of Management Governance. doi:10.1007/s10997-015-9308-2 Henderson, A., Cheney, G., Weaver, C. (2014). The Role of Employee Identification and Organizational Identity in Strategic Communication and Organizational Issues Management about Genetic Modification.International Journal Of Business Communication,52(1), 12-41. doi:10.1177/2329488414560278 Huard, B. (2015). The data quality paradox.Network Security,2015(6), 18-20. doi:10.1016/s1353-4858(15)30051-9 Klein, V. (2015). Write On! Publishing in the Journal of Healthcare Risk Management.Journal Of Healthcare Risk Management,34(4), 4-5. doi:10.1002/jhrm.21166 Lafuente, G. (2015). The big data security challenge.Network Security,2015(1), 12-14. doi:10.1016/s1353-4858(15)70009-7 Robinson, K., Church, K. (2015). SEC IM staff issues guidance update on mixed and shared funding.Journal Of Investment Compliance,16(2), 30-32. doi:10.1108/joic-04-2015-0023 Tiwari, P., Joshi, S. (2015). Data Security for Software as a Service.International Journal Of Service Science, Management, Engineering, And Technology,6(3), 47-63. doi:10.4018/ijssmet.2015070104

The Hound of the Baskervilles Horror or whodunnit Essay Example For Students

The Hound of the Baskervilles Horror or whodunnit? Essay This essay will analyse The Hound of the Baskervilles to see if it is a horror or whodunit. The novel was first published in nineteen hundred and two and went on to become a big hit with the Victorian public. It is a story set in a bygone time when superstition was rife and people believed deeply in the power of curse. Inspiration for Arthur Conan Doyle to write this book came out of the blue and from an unexpected source. It was after Fletcher Robinson, a friend of Doyles told him about the curse of the hound from hell that they began to research for the book. We will write a custom essay on The Hound of the Baskervilles Horror or whodunnit? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Doyle and Robinson visited the bleakest locations where the eeriest of feelings would unravel. The powerful text used in describing the setting gave the more credible surroundings for the supernatural happenings to occur, using four main places which all portray a feeling of unnerve; The grimpen mire with its rising howls. A step yonder means death to man or beast. The moors described as being, So vast, and so barren, and so mysterious. Merripit house was to be known as the, Bleak moor land house. And Baskerville hall was repeatedly described as Dim and sombre. The Script that Doyle used almost certainly depicts settings of mystery. The coming of the hound. Was believed to have plagued the Baskerville family for years and needed to be investigated. Doyle wanted his book to appeal to his readers and now with the possibility of a supernatural phenomenon he had a theory to solve. With his success of increasing the ratings of Doyles previous books there could be only one person for the job. With his logic thinking and experience in criminology who better to star as a main character than a detective who could return from the dead; Mr Sherlock Holmes, and there in his famed Barker Street office the narrative begins. Doyle with the assistance of Fletcher succeeded in making this book as gripping as possible and is written in a way that would appeal to a varied range of readers in any day and age. Because of Doyles fascination with the supernatural I think he wanted this book to be classified as a horror story and in many ways he succeeds, with its detailed graphic imagery of The beast And its Blazing eyes and dripping jaws Instantly introducing a chill factor. Doyle also uses animal imagery which is normally done to make someone sound more scary than they are like when he describes Stapleton as a, big lean jawed pike and a Wiry bulldog it automatically transforms him into a more frightening being. Horror was intended to be injected into the story by Doyle as he used nouns in a way to suggest the Great black beast to be daunting and the alliteration increases to the terror. The verbs used to describe actions introduced a certain amount of fear to me, like the way the thing Tore the throat out of Hugo Baskerville. Doyle wrote of scenes that any horror fanatic would appreciate but I think it would be unfair to categorize this novel as a horror story because although Doyles script is packed with scenes of horror, it is not constant unlike the depiction of mystery which runs throughout the whole novel, also as Arthur Conan Doyle decided to introduce a detective into the mix it would obviously become a detective novel.

Sniffy the Virtual Rat

Sniffy the Virtual Rat Introduction Scholars dealing with human and animal behavior have come up with different theories to explain how behavior is acquired or how it becomes extinct. Such scholars include BF Skinner, who advanced operant conditioning theory and Ivan Pavlov, who advanced classical conditioning theory. In this paper, classical and operant conditioning experiments shall be designed. The significance of the experiments and how they relate to human behavior and thinking shall be explained.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sniffy the Virtual Rat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Classical conditioning This is a behavioral learning theory advanced by Ivan Pavlov. In classical conditioning, learning takes place as a result of pairing a natural stimulus together with an environmental stimulus (Hall, 1998). In order for learning to take place, a neutral stimulus is placed before a natural stimulus. According to Cherry (2012) , behavior is learnt through association of the two stimuli. A visit to the dentist experiment Miss Y has cavities on most of her teeth. It is not the first time for her to have such a problem. In the past, she has been to the dentist and had some of the teeth with cavities extracted. The first time, she found a female doctor who extracted the tooth but she felt no pain. The second time, she found a male dentist who extracted the decayed tooth. However, the experience was not the same as the one she had during her first extraction. The male dentist extracted the tooth in a way that caused her a lot of pain. During the second time when she felt a lot of pain, Miss Y noted some of the characteristics of the dentist who performed the operation. The male dentist was wearing a white apron, had spectacles on and was from a different racial group (race A). During her subsequent visit to the dentist to have another tooth extracted, Miss Y finds another dentist that she has never met. Howeve r, the dentist is a man, wearing a white apron, with spectacles on and from race A. Before even explaining her problem to this dentist, Miss Y starts shaking due to fear. She starts feeling a lot of pain on her tooth that has not been aching while she was coming to the dentist. Miss Y is behaving in this manner because she has learnt to associate pain during teeth extraction with male dentist of a certain race. Miss Y decides to check another dentist to extract the tooth. Her next stop lands her to a lady dentist. Miss Y is now relaxed and ready to go through the process of extraction. She associates the experience is expecting to have with the past painless procedure that she underwent when the extraction was done by a lady. For the rest of the times that she visits a dentist, Miss Y requests to have a lady dentist work on her. Consequently, she claims that the extraction is always painless.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After Miss Y has had her dental problems dealt with, she does not feel the need to continue visiting the dentist as regularly as she did. However, whenever she goes to the hospital and finds a male doctor from race A, she is gripped by intense fear and starts feeling pain in her body. On the contrary, whenever she goes to the hospital and finds a lady doctor, she is more relaxed and less fearful. She says that she feels little or no pain at all when she is treated by a lady doctor. Miss Y is conditioned that all male doctors from race A inflict pain upon their patient during treatment. On the other hand, all female doctors treat their patients with less pain. Therefore, whenever Miss Y sees a male doctor from race A, even when she does not need his services, she is filled with fear. Baby and mother experiment Another example of classical conditioning can be illustrated through a mother’s relationship with her young child. When the child is with the mother, it is naturally quiet and at times jovial. However, when the mother carries her handbag and is about to leave for work, the baby starts to cry. Every time the baby sees the mother carry her handbag, it starts to cry because it is aware that the mother is about to leave. This happens after the mother repeatedly leaves for work whenever she carries her handbag. The baby therefore associates the handbag with being left behind by the mother. After continuously pairing the handbag with the mother’s departure, the baby starts to cry whenever she sees a handbag, even when the mother is not leaving. The mother in this case is the neutral stimulus, leaving the baby behind is the unconditioned stimulus, crying the unconditioned response, the mother the conditioned stimulus and crying the conditioned response. The baby’s association of the handbag with being left behind results to generalization. In this case, the baby cries whenever the mother carries anything else that looks like a bag, even when she is not leaving. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning was first proposed by Burrhus Frederic Skinner commonly known as BF Skinner (Mcleod, 2007). Skinner drew a lot from Thorndike’s work. The most important components of operant conditioning are reinforcement, rewards and punishment. If one reinforces a certain behavior, there is likelihood for the behavior to be exhibited again. However, if behavior is not reinforced, it will most probably be weakened and eventually become extinct. Reinforcement Positive reinforcement can be demonstrated through the use of a hungry dog placed in a special box. The box has a lever that is strategically placed at the side. The rat is able to move freely inside the box. However, during some of its movement, the rat accidentally steps on the lever at the side of the box. When this happens, the rat notices a food pellet near the lever it has stepped on. The rat learns that pres sing the lever is rewarded by provision of food.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sniffy the Virtual Rat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the rat continues pressing the lever as many times as possible and the outcome is still the same. In this case, the behavior of pressing the lever is reinforced because it results to something desirable. Therefore, the rat continues to press the lever every time it needs something to eat. This is an example of positive reinforcement, which strengthens a given behavior and increases its chance of recurrence. Behavior is reinforced through rewarding one’s behavior with a desirable consequence. The behavior is likely to be repeated in future if a desirable consequence is provided. Negative reinforcement According to Mcleod (2007), another way of strengthening behavior is the use of negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is applicable to the rat in th e box experiment that we used for positive reinforcement. To introduce negative reinforcement, one would expose the rat to something that is not pleasant, for example an electric current. The lever should be set such that the electric current switches off immediately it is pressed by the rat. Therefore, the rat would learn that pressing the lever provided a way of escape from the unpleasant electric current that it is subjected to. Every time the electric current is switched on in the box, the rat will have a tendency to move to where the lever is and press it in order to escape the unpleasant conditions in the box. The action is repeated over and over again because the rat has learnt how to escape the discomfort caused by the electric current. Punishment Punishment is meant to cause a response to be weak or to make it extinct as opposed to reinforcement that is meant to increase the probability of occurrence of a behavior. There are two ways that can be used to issue out punishment . The first involves application of an unpleasant stimulus after something wrong has been done. The other one is denial of a rewarding stimulus whenever an undesired behavior is exhibited. Punishment is very similar to negative reinforcement. This type of conditioning can be used to encourage positive behavior in both animals and human beings. It can also be used to discourage negative behavior in humans and animals. Behavior learnt through operant conditioning is easily stopped when the consequences that were encouraging its occurrence are withdrawn. This is what is called extinction. These experiments enhance the classical conditioning theory advanced by Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning advanced by Burrhus Frederic Skinner. They show that some behavior that human beings exhibit have been acquired through association of a natural stimulus with the environment as in classical conditioning.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other behaviors are become permanent or extinct due to positive or negative reinforcement and punishment, as proposed by operant conditioning theory. The theories are applicable in day to day life in both humans and animals. Conclusion The experiments support the two theories of behavior acquisition namely: classical and operant conditioning. The animal experiments conducted by BF Skinner and Ivan Pavlov relate very closely to human thinking and behavior. Reference List Cherry, K. (2012). The Little Albert Experiment: A Closer Look at the Famous Case of Little Albert. New York: About.com. Web. Hall, R. (1998). Classical Conditioning. Web. Mcleod, S. (2007). Skinner Operant Conditioning. London: Psychology Press. Web.

Comprehensive Study Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Comprehensive Study Project - Essay Example Consequently, a wealth of literature exists on the benefits and risks of improving sustainability, and the decisive responsibility of facilities management to influence balance between ecological preservation, social equity and contributing positively to the economy. But because facilities management is an expansive interrelation of phases from construction into dilapidation, opportunities of sustainability are plenty. Benefits of sustainable facilities management present in reduced water consumption, energy use and fewer emissions that contribute to climate change. Optimization of resource consumption and increased value opens the plethora of social, ecological, and financial benefits. The application of sustainability in buildings enhances in value by 8-10 times the operational savings as presented in the journals of Cooper (2002), : A management tool for occupant fit out "comprises of core components to define the aims and objectives for the research paper of Technology, Engineering and the Environment. The terms of reference for analyzing the relationship between Sustainability and Facilities management for Occupant fit out: This research focuses on critical success factors and its effectiveness on the facilities management of the organizations. Deductive approach assists in designing the research framework based on literature review and existing theory to derive a conclusion. TThe research design enables researchers to find solutions to research problems through passing the various phases of research - collecting, analysing and interpreting observations (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1996). The research design needs to address data collection process. The correct understanding of the research problem is necessary for finding the required solutions (Ghauri, Grnhaug and Kristianslund, 1995). Research can follow the three approaches from exploratory, descriptive and causal methods. Exploratory research explores the boundaries of the environment with respect to the problems, opportunities or situations of concern for identifying related and relevant variables to the research project (Talaq, 2004). Descriptive research also provides a correct and valid representation of the selected variables from exploratory research. Causal research approach is instrumental in establishing causal link between these variables (Talaq, 2004). For the purpose of

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Ethics - Essay Example Severance packages or early retirement options as a method of reducing payroll costs can have severe consequences on the organization, especially in terms of motivation to work to business expectations. Even though the package was tempting to the exiting employee and they decided to take it, there are members of the organization who have worked with these exiting colleagues each and every workday. Socialization is bound to be impacted, in relation to the employees’ sense of belonging in the organization, creating difficulty in adjustment for the remaining workers. The HR manager is often the person who develops and offers these early retirement plans, under pressure at the highest levels, and they must also balance their regular job role as the employee champion responsible for issues of motivation and performance. Sudden drops in employee volume, due to the need to cut payroll costs, can over-burden the workers with consolidated jobs roles and create rifts where positive soci alization used to exist. â€Å"Layoffs can send shock waves through a local economy when a company that downsizes is large and when several firms choose to downsize at the same time, in the same region† (Piturro, 1999, p.39). These shock waves can be measured by the higher levels of unemployment in the local area, along with less-quality consumer lifestyles caused by income reductions, as well as loss of commerce at multiple levels, consumer and business-to-business. Early retirement packages are attempts at avoiding situations where local economies suffer, where employees are given incentives to take the option (as far as satisfying their emotional needs), and to improve the company’s bottom line. This is a major benefit, rather than the disadvantages which were discussed earlier, because it reduces the shock waves which often occur when

Use of database Essay Example for Free

Use of database Essay Computer technology has given many precious gifts to mankind. One of them is the database technology. It has made administration, trade and commerce very easy, precise and fast. Operations which used to take long time, and were still full of errors, are now managed in few seconds, and are cent percent free of errors. At the heart of this remarkable success is the software program, which helps creation, segmentation , categorization and retrieval of databases. These programs are known as database management systems, DBMS programs have a long history. Starting from very simple programs in 1960s they have developed into large, complex software packages like Oracle. While the management functions remain the same, the utility value and the facilities offered in newer versions differ vastly from their predecessors. This essay briefly analyzes the DBMS program used in a particular department of an organization and proposes hoe improvements could be made over the existing use of DBMS program. The organization is a market research agency. One of the departments is pharmaceutical research. The function of this department is to gather prescriptions of doctors from various geographic locations across the country, analyze the symptoms, diagnosis and the drugs prescribed by the Doctor. These prescriptions are codified according to standardized international codes. Based on this coding, a generalized report is then prepared, which specifies which drug is used more in a given geographic location. This market research is very important to pharmaceutical companies for devising their marketing strategies. Here, the database program used for coding the symptoms, diagnosis and drugs is taken as an example for analysis. First, the function of coding is explained with an example. Visits a doctor with a complaint of soar throat and difficulty in swallowing, coupled with fever. According to the directory of codes of symptoms of the company, symptom ‘soar throat’ has a code 3323, ‘difficulty in swallowing’ has a code 1018 and ‘fever’ has a code 1286. If the doctor diagonizes ‘ throat infection’ as the cause for these symptoms, the code for it, as specified by WHO is J029. (ICD-10). Now, the doctor prescribes ‘ MOX-500’ capsules, a drug which has Amoxycillin as its main content. The code of this drug is 05377-73, as per the company specification. Those who do this coding job have to frequently refer to each code. The sum total of symptoms, diagnosis and drugs runs into a few thousand entries. Manual reference to these codes is very cumbersome. A database management program is designed to aids the coders. The package used is Foxpro. It is a two way system, wherein, the code could be traced if the name is given as an input and the name is given as an output if the number is given as an input. So, the coder can trace the code from any name and conversely, the name can also be traced with the help of a numeric code. Like all the DOS based programs, this program is a very robust program, and easy to use. Name to Number program : This program contains all the data related to the symptoms, diagnosis and the drugs. While the name and its respective code are the main parameters displayed, the drug table also reveals the type of drug e. g. syrup. Tablet, capsule, injection etc and its respective capacities e. g. 5 ml, 200mg etc. Being a DOS based program, the database is indexed by the computer, each time it is accessed. The key command for a new entry are ‘ ‘alt-s’ keys on the keyboard. Even if the full name is not types, the program takes to the alphabetically ordered names of the data. For example, if only ‘ ‘soar’ is typed as a new entry, the program gives and output of the first entry, out of all the entries starting from alphabets ‘soar’, or just typing ‘ pen’ will take the user to the first entry alphabetically listed with ‘pen’ as the first three letters. The cursor needs to be taken down to locate the drug ‘penicillin’. Instructions regarding the keyboard controls for retrieval of information, traverse of the cursor and exit from the program are permanently displayed at the bottom of the screen. These are the read only features. This means only three operations are possible on the program by the coder. Either he can type a name and get the code, or he can traverse the cursor or he can exit. It bears typical resemblance to the ‘ WordStar’ program, where the controls for operations were displayed whenever the program used to start. It is a completely textual program, simply because the basic software package, Foxpro/ Dos version, did not offer any GUI facilities. Like all other DOS based programs, colors are non existent in this program. It is a black and white screen throughout its use. Number name program : Many times the coder need a reverse retrieval to be performed. That is, given a number, the corresponding name of the symptom, diagnosis and the drug is to be traced. This program offers this facility also. When the number is entered, its validity is checked and if it is a correct number corresponding to the database, then the name of the drug, diagnosis or the symptom is given out as an output. In the case of drug display, the other parameters like the type e. g. syrup, tablet, capsule etc are also displayed. This part also has all the features and limitations typically associated with a DOS based program. This program, even in its present form, based on the technology of early 1990s is extremely useful to the coders. Especially when it comes to coding few hundred prescriptions every day, this program helps in a speedy and precise coding procedure. The codes are written manually by the coder on a printed form on paper. Improvements: Several improvements are not only possible on the current system but it is a necessary demand of time. First, Windows – 98 is soon expiring as the last GUI operating system which can support DOS based applications. The next most popular OS, Windows-XP does not support DOS based applications. Even the new and latest processors like the Dual Core by Pentium and motherboards, do not support Windows-98. Hence, technically, it will be impossible to run this program, the latest computers. It is the demand of time, that a Windows based DBMS used. This can be MS Access, Foxpro/ Win, or Oracle, but a switch over to GUI based application development is a must. Second, the codes, after being retrieved, are written manually. A new application needs to be developed, wherein the need to write the codes separately on a different sheet is eliminated. The coder inserts the name of the symptom, diagnosis or the drug and the corresponding number of the code should be automatically entered in the blank format of the form. The concept of relational database comes into picture over here. The database needs to be related to many blank forms, in such a way that a new form comes on the screen no sooner one is over. As soon as the name is typed in the form, the code must be retrieved by the software and entered in the form. The third factor is to add the utility value of the program. The same program can be extended to keep a record of the name of the coder who has accessed this program and the amount of work done by him/her. This feature facilitates speedy calculation of the monetary remuneration to be given to the coder. A record of signing in time and sign out time will also tell how much time the coder has put in. This record would be useful to gauge the efficiency of the coder. Seeing to the requirements of the improved version, a switch over to Oracle is more desirable, for the versatility and flexibility it offers. One more issue arises out of this discussion. Is the development in computers heading in the right direction? Despite all the progress in the software industry, no program has been able to replace the ‘ command. com’ file of DOS. All versions of Windows also rely upon DOS for their booting functions. Similarly, coders do not have any problem with the program they are working at present, which is over a decade old. The basic question is: Is all the development necessary? Or is it that needs are first created and then devices are made to suffice them? Or is it that under the umbrella of ‘user friendly’ Bill Gates has prevented people from getting to know the inner aspects of a computer? A calculator was a good invention, but has it always helped mankind? Has it not put limitations on the mental calculating capacities? Our ancestors had no problems in adding 40 numbers , fast and precise. For the present generation it is impossible. The developments in computers, have reduced the computer, a PC, to a mere entertainment tool, and the internet has become a tool for chat and social networking for a vast majority of users. Any development is real only if it helps in sharpening of minds, not rusting it !!!